SCI     1-SIZE RG600 .E27
TI:  Ethanol-sensitive times for the human conceptus.
AU:  Renwick,-J.-H.; Asker,-Rafida-L.
JN:  Early-Human-Development; 1983 Jul Vol 8(2) 99-111
AB:  Obtained from world literature data on 492 examples of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the northern hemisphere. The seasonal pattern of FAS birth rates is compared with the seasonal pattern of ethanol intakes to estimate the time-lag between them and hence the timing of ethanol damage during development. It is tentatively suggested, in the light of the data, that this timing might be as late as the 18th-20th wk. If this can be substantiated, it would make preventive measures feasible even during pregnancy. Seasonal data have never previously been used to estimate the timing of a sensitive period in prenatal development. The present estimate for ethanol is tentative, however, and should be regarded only as an interesting indicator for future studies. (16 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  correlation of seasonal patterns of ethanol intake & fetal alcohol syndrome births; estimation of fetal ethanol sensitive periods
DE:  ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; DRUG-INDUCED-CONGENITAL-DISORDERS; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; CHILDHOOD-
 

SCI     1-SIZE RC565 .A4456
TI:  Neonatal neurobehavioral characteristics as correlates of maternal alcohol use during gestation.
AU:  Coles,-Claire-D.; Smith,-Iris; Fernhoff,-Paul-M.; Falek,-Arthur
JN:  Alcoholism-Clinical-and-Experimental-Research; 1985 Sep-Oct Vol 9(5) 454-460
AB:  Compared the behavior of 103 neonates born to (1) 26 Ss (mean age 26.96 yrs) who drank a mean of 12.18 oz of absolute alcohol (AA)/week throughout pregnancy, (2) 22 Ss (mean age 26.05 yrs) who drank a mean of 14.14 oz of AA/week and were otherwise comparable to the 1st group but stopped drinking in the 2nd trimester, and (3) 55 Ss (mean age 24.6 yrs) who never drank during pregnancy. Ss in all 3 groups were predominantly Black, of low socioeconomic status (SES), and unmarried. Neurobehavioral evaluation with the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale was conducted at 3 days postnatal age. As a group, infants exposed to alcohol at any time during gestation were found to have significant alterations in reflexive behavior, less mature motor behavior, and an increased activity level in comparison to unexposed infants. Infants whose mothers stopped drinking in the 2nd trimester were superior to those whose mothers continued to drink throughout pregnancy in observed state control, need for stimulation, motor tone, tremulousness, and asymmetries in reflexive behavior. It is concluded that characteristic damage does occur to the central nervous system (CNS) of a fetus exposed to alcohol throughout pregnancy, and that exposure during only the early part of pregnancy also seems to have measurable effects. (33 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  alcohol drinking during 1st trimester vs entire pregnancy & level of consumption; neonatal neurobehavioral characteristics; low SES mothers & their newborn infants
DE:  ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; PREGNANCY-; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; NEONATAL-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATAL-DISORDERS; LOWER-CLASS; ADULTHOOD-; CHILDHOOD-; BEHAVIOR-; EXPECTANT-MOTHERS; NEONATES-
 

SCI     1-SIZE RC565 .A4456
TI:  Alcohol-related birth defects: Syndromal anomalies, intrauterine growth retardation, and neonatal behavioral assessment.
AU:  Ernhart,-Claire-B.; et-al
JN:  Alcoholism-Clinical-and-Experimental-Research; 1985 Sep-Oct Vol 9(5) 447-453
AB:  Studied fetal alcohol effects in 359 infants born to disadvantaged women identified as having a history of alcohol abuse (AA) or as controls (no history of AA) and who provided reports of alcohol use (AU) in pregnancy in a prospective design. The 176 AA Ss (mean age 22.31 yrs) were matched with the 183 controls (mean age 21.93 yrs) on the variables of date of recruitment, ethnicity, smoking, drug abuse, parity, weight, and weeks of gestation at registration. AA was assessed with the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). AU was based on short-term recall covering 2-wk periods prior to each antenatal visit. A tally of anomalies associated with fetal alcohol syndrome obtained in a blinded examination of each infant was significantly related to the MAST classification; for the AA Ss, the tally was related to 1st trimester AU. Birth weight, length, and head circumference were negatively correlated with AU (entire pregnancy); however, the effect was attenuated and not statistically significant in models with covariate control. It is possible that these measures were near the threshold of effect. (30 ref) (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  alcohol use during pregnancy; neonatal physical anomalies & size & behavior; disadvantaged females with vs without history of alcohol abuse & their newborn infants
DE:  ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; PROBLEM-DRINKING; PREGNANCY-; NEONATAL-DISORDERS; BIRTH-WEIGHT; LOWER-INCOME-LEVEL; EXPECTANT-MOTHERS; NEONATAL-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATES-; DISADVANTAGED-; CHILDHOOD-; ADULTHOOD-
 

SCI     1-SIZE RG600 .E27
TI:  Abnormal fetal behavioural state regulation in a case of high maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy.
AU:  Mulder,-E.-J.; Kamstra,-A.; O'Brien,-M.-J.; Visser,-G.-H.; et-al
JN:  Early-Human-Development; 1986 Dec Vol 14(3-4) 321-326
AB:  Describes a case of abnormal fetal behavioral state organization found in combination with maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. The abnormalities included frequent interruptions of periods of concordant association of 2nd fetal state parameters and spontaneous awakenings (4th fetal state behaviors), always following stable periods of the 1st fetal state. After birth, normal state organization was found. It is suggested that the abnormalities might have been due to maternal alcohol abuse; a possible withdrawal effect might have occurred in utero. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  maternal alcohol abuse; fetal behavioral abnormalities with normal postpartum behavior; infant of 30 yr old alcohol abusing mother; case report
DE:  PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATAL-DEVELOPMENT; ALCOHOL-ABUSE; MOTHERS-; CHILDHOOD-; ADULTHOOD-; CASE-REPORT; NEONATES-
 

SCI     1-SIZE R15 .N24
TI:  Minor physical anomalies and learning disability: What is the prenatal component? 112th Meeting of the American Public Health Association (1984, Anaheim, California).
AU:  Marino,-Ronald-V.; Scholl,-Theresa-O.; Karp,-Robert-J.; Yanoff,-J.-M.; et-al
JN:  Journal-of-the-National-Medical-Association; 1987 Jan Vol 79(1) 37-39
AB:  Conducted a case-control study of 60 schoolchildren (aged 7-11 yrs) including 30 nonretarded learning-disabled children, to investigate possible prenatal components of the disability. The impaired children were 7.25 times more likely than were the controls to exhibit signs of alcohol exposure during gestation. Efforts toward the early recognition of affected children are recommended. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  incidence of physical anomalies associated with fetal alcohol exposure; learning disabled 7-11 yr olds; conference presentation
DE:  PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; LEARNING-DISABILITIES; FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; PHYSICAL-DISFIGUREMENT; SCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN; PROFESSIONAL-MEETINGS-AND-SYMPOSIA; CHILDHOOD-
 

SCI     BF723.I6 I527
TI:  Persistence over the first month of neurobehavioral differences in infants exposed to alcohol prenatally.
AU:  Coles,-Claire-D.; Smith,-Iris-E.; Lancaster,-Juliana-S.; Falek,-Arthur
JN:  Infant-Behavior-and-Development; 1987 Jan-Mar Vol 10(1) 23-37
AB:  31 infants of women who (a) never drank, (b) continued drinking (13.34 oz, absolute alcohol (AA) per week) throughout pregnancy, or (c) stopped drinking (16.25 oz, AA) in the 2nd trimester were assessed at 3 days, 14 days, and 30 days with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Over the 1st mo, differences were found among the groups in motor performance, autonomic regulation, and abnormal reflexive behavioral clusters. The performance of Ss whose mothers continued to drink was less optimal, and these Ss showed less improvement over time in these areas. It is concluded that there are real and persistent nervous system differences during the 1st mo in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1987 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  motor performance & autonomic regulation & abnormal reflexes; infants of mothers who never drank vs continued drinking vs stopped drinking alcohol in 2nd trimester assessed at 3 vs 14 vs 30 days; implications for fetal alcohol syndrome
DE:  PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; PREGNANCY-; MOTOR-DEVELOPMENT; ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; REFLEXES-; AUTONOMIC-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; AT-RISK-POPULATIONS; FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD-; NEONATES-

SCI     1-SIZE RC565 .A4456
TI:  Early measures of maternal alcohol misuse as predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
AU:  Russell,-Marcia; Skinner,-Jeremy-B.
JN:  Alcoholism-Clinical-and-Experimental-Research; 1988 Dec Vol 12(6) 824-830  1-SIZE RC565 .A4456 21.1 (1997)
AB:  Studied pregnancy outcome in 531 obstetric outpatients with respect to maternal alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy recognition (absolute alcohol/day prior to pregnancy (PPAA)) and indications of problem drinking (IPD). Multiple regression was used to predict pregnancy outcome with PPAA and IPD. PPAA predicted spontaneous abortion and lowered Apgar scores. The risk of spontaneous abortion increased an average of 25% for each additional ounce of absolute alcohol consumed/day. Adverse pregnancy outcomes related to intrauterine growth were more strongly related to IPD than PPAA, and IPD remained a significant predictor even after controlling for PPAA. Logistic regression indicated that for each additional indication of problem drinking reported, risk of head circumference below the 10th percentile increased 2.77 times. Other pregnancy outcome measures negatively related to IPD were 5-min Apgar scores (response to resuscitation efforts), birth weight, and 1-min Apgar scores (condition at birth). (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  self reported alcohol consumption & abuse prior to recognition of pregnancy; spontaneous abortion & lowered birth weight & other adverse pregnancy outcomes; obstetric patients & their infants
DE:  ALCOHOL-ABUSE; ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; EXPECTANT-MOTHERS; PREGNANCY-; SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION; BIRTH-WEIGHT; NEONATES-; ADULTHOOD-; CHILDHOOD-
 

SCI     BF699 .D4
TI:  IQ at age 4 in relation to maternal alcohol use and smoking during pregnancy.
AU:  Streissguth,-Ann-P.; Barr,-Helen-M.; Sampson,-Paul-D.; Darby,-Betty-L.; et-al
JN:  Developmental-Psychology; 1989 Jan Vol 25(1) 3-11
AB:  Examined the relationship of prenatal alcohol exposure to the IQ of children at age 4 in a longitudinal prospective, population-based study. Multiple-regression analyses on data from 421 children indicated that use of more than 1.5 oz (44 ml, or approximately 3 drinks) of alcohol per day during pregnancy was significantly related to an average IQ decrement of almost 5 IQ points (1/3 of a standard deviation;   p  = .008), even after adjustment for maternal and paternal education, race, prenatal nutrition, aspirin and antibiotics, child's sex and birth order, mother-child interaction, and preschool attendance. We caution against using these data to describe "safe" drinking levels, because other outcomes, more sensitive than IQ tests, show significant alcohol effects at lower drinking levels. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  alcohol use & smoking during pregnancy; child's IQ; mothers; 4 yr followup
DE:  ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; TOBACCO-SMOKING; INTELLIGENCE-QUOTIENT; MOTHERS-; CHILDHOOD-; PRESCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN; FOLLOWUP-STUDIES; ADULTHOOD-
 

SCI     BF723.I6 I527
TI:  The effect of prenatal alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco exposure on neonatal behavior.
AU:  Richardson,-Gale-A.; Day,-Nancy-L.; Taylor,-Paul-M.
JN:  Infant-Behavior-and-Development; 1989 Apr-Jun Vol 12(2) 199-209
AB:  Investigated the effects of prenatal substance use on the behavior of full-term infants. 373 women (aged 18-42 yrs) were interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy about their alcohol, marihuana, tobacco, and other drug use. Infants were assessed with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that there were few effects of moderate prenatal alcohol, marihuana, or tobacco consumption on neonatal behavior, after controlling for important confounding variables. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  alcohol vs tobacco vs marihuana vs other drug usage during pregnancy; neonatal behavior; 18-42 yr old mothers & their full term neonates
DE:  DRUG-USAGE; PREGNANCY-; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATAL-DEVELOPMENT; MOTHERS-; ALCOHOL-DRINKING-PATTERNS; TOBACCO-SMOKING; MARIHUANA-USAGE; NEONATES-; CHILDHOOD-; ADULTHOOD-
 

SCI     QH301 .A315
TI:  Maternal alcohol and pentazocine abuse: Neonatal behavior and morphology in an opposite-sex twin pair.
AU:  Riese,-Marilyn-L.
JN:  Acta-Geneticae-Medicae-et-Gemellologiae-Twin-Research; 1989 Vol 38(1-2) 49-56
AB:  Examined a pair of preterm, opposite-sex twins (aged 27-29 days old) during the lying-in period for behavioral and morphological effects of maternal alcohol and pentazocine abuse during pregnancy. The male's behavioral scores were more likely to be deviant from the standardized mean than the female's. The male was more irritable, both spontaneously and in response to specific stimuli; highly active while awake and handled for the presentation of stimuli; more active than average during sleep; and low on ratings that reflect the attitude of the examiner toward the infant. Findings imply individual and gender differences in behavioral susceptibility to teratogens. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  maternal alcohol & pentazocine abuse during pregnancy; behavior & morphology; 27-29 day old preterm opposite sex twins
DE:  PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; ALCOHOL-ABUSE; DRUG-ABUSE; BEHAVIOR-; TWINS-; ANALGESIC-DRUGS; CHILDHOOD-; NARCOTIC-AGONISTS; MORPHOLOGY-; NEONATES-; PREMATURE-BIRTH; TERATOGENS-
 

SCI     1-SIZE RC565 .A4456
TI:  Prenatal alcohol exposure and language development.
AU:  Greene,-Tom; Ernhart,-Claire-B.; Martier,-Sue; Sokol,-Robert; et-al
IN:  MetroHealth Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, Cleveland, OH, US
JN:  Alcoholism-Clinical-and-Experimental-Research; 1990 Dec Vol 14(6) 937-945
IS:  01456008
LA:  English
AB:  Investigated the effects of fetal alcohol exposure on language and speech acquisition in 359 socioeconomically disadvantaged urban children. Language development was assessed by instruments derived from the Expressive and Receptive Scales of the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development at ages 1, 2, and 3 yrs, and by indices constructed from a taped speech sample at age 2 yrs. Three indices of maternal drinking were supplemented with birth weight and a tally of craniofacial anomalies as early indicators of fetal alcohol damage. Results suggest that the anomalies tally and birth weight were more sensitive indicators of fetal alcohol exposure than subsequent language development. The quality of the caretaking environment appeared to be the primary determining factor for successful language development. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  fetal alcohol; language & speech development; socioeconomically disadvantaged urban neonates; 3 yr study
DE:  PRENATAL-EXPOSURE; ALCOHOLS-; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; SPEECH-DEVELOPMENT; NEONATES-; INFANTS-; PRESCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN; DISADVANTAGED-; LONGITUDINAL-STUDIES; CHILDHOOD-
 

SCI     RC565 .R45x
TI:  The effects of prenatal alcohol on the central nervous system.
AU:  Smith,-Kathy-J.; Eckardt,-Michael-J.
BK:  Recent developments in alcoholism, Vol. 9:  Children of alcoholics. (Marc Galanter, Henri Begleiter, Richard Deitrich, Donald M. Gallant, Donald Goodwin, Edward Gottheil, Alfonso Paredes, Marcus Rothschild, David H. Van Thiel, et al, Eds.), pp. 151-164. Plenum Press, New York, NY, US; xxii, 382 pp.SEE BOOK
PY:  1991
DE:  FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM-DISORDERS; PRENATAL-DEVELOPMENT; COGNITIVE-ABILITY; CHILDREN-
CR:  (from the chapter)  prenatal alcohol exposure has a profound effect on the developing brain / in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), mental retardation and microcephaly are commonly observed / a partial syndrome, fetal alcohol effects (FAE) can result in neurobehavioral sequelae, which may present at birth or appear later in development /// discusses the clinical evidence supporting the concept of FAE, the range of cognitive disturbances seen in FAS and FAE children, and studies on long-term outcome / review studies that suggest that even in the absence of the stigmata of FAS, neonatal signs of central nervous system dysfunction may predict later development deviation / an abbreviated review of behavioral animal studies provides additional support for the clinical investigations presented
AN:  CHAPTER 91-248007-008SEE PREVIOUS CHAPTER SEE NEXT CHAPTER
 

SCI     RC49.A1 P8
TI:  The consequences of maternal substance abuse for the child exposed in utero.
AU:  McCance-Katz,-Elinore-F.
JN:  Psychosomatics; 1991 Sum Vol 32(3) 268-274
AB:  Examines the state of present knowledge about the consequences of maternal substance abuse, in particular tobacco, alcohol, opiates, cannabis, and cocaine. The increasing incidence of abuse of these substances has resulted in a significant number of children who have been exposed to substances of abuse in utero; this exposure may produce a wide spectrum of adverse events (e.g., growth retardation, cognitive impairment, neonatal withdrawal syndrome). Such problems may be manifest in the neonatal period and in some instances may persist throughout life. Health care professionals must be cognizant of the magnitude of the problem and attend to the needs if this high-risk population. Education of both clinicians and the public is imperative. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1991 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  developmental & other consequences of in utero exposure to maternal abuse of alcohol & tobacco & illicit drugs; children; literature review
DE:  DRUG-ABUSE; PRENATAL-EXPOSURE; CHILDHOOD-DEVELOPMENT; LITERATURE-REVIEW; CHILDREN-; MOTHERS-; ALCOHOL-ABUSE; TOBACCO-SMOKING; COCAINE-; MARIHUANA-USAGE; OPIATES-
 

SCI     1-SIZE RC565 .A4456
TI:  Measures of maternal alcohol use as predictors of development in early childhood.
AU:  Russell,-Marcia; Czarnecki,-Donna-M.; Cowan,-Richard; McPherson,-Elizabeth; et-al
JN:  Alcoholism-Clinical-and-Experimental-Research; 1991 Dec Vol 15(6) 991-1000
AB:  Examined the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth, dysmorphology, and cognitive development at age 6 yrs in approximately 150 children whose mothers had completed a self-administered questionnaire during pregnancy. Drinking patterns before pregnancy recognition and indications of problem drinking (IPDs) were assessed. Heavier alcohol intake was associated with slower growth in height and head circumference and increased dysmorphology. IPDs were associated with lower scores on the Token Test for Children and the Verbal IQ subtest of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1992 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
KP:  maternal drinking prior to pregnancy recognition & indications of problem drinking; growth & dysmorphology & cognitive development; 6 yr olds; implications for fetal alcohol syndrome
DE:  PRENATAL-EXPOSURE; ALCOHOLS-; COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENT; ALCOHOL-ABUSE; PHYSICAL-DEVELOPMENT; CHILDHOOD-DEVELOPMENT; FETAL-ALCOHOL-SYNDROME; SCHOOL-AGE-CHILDREN; CHILDHOOD-